Annoncée comme un cataclysme, la sortie de la Grande-Bretagne de l’Union européenne est peut-être l’occasion rêvée de repenser l’Europe et de renouer avec ses origines sans occulter l’idée que ce Brexit traduit aussi une forme de crise de croissance de l’Europe politique.
Ite missa est ! La messe est dite à Westminster. La Grande-Bretagne va sortir de l’Union européenne. Dans l’intervalle, l’Histoire nous réserve certainement une passe d’armes politique entre Anglais, Gallois, Irlandais du Nord et Ecossais, ces derniers étant désireux de rester membres de l’Union européenne. Naturellement, au lendemain des résultats, il n’est pas étonnant que responsables politiques favorables à la construction européenne sombrent dans le pathos et le catastrophisme tout comme il est normal que les anti-européens (essentiellement composés de partis populistes) se réjouissent de la défaite des partisans du maintien de la Grande-Bretagne dans le cercle de l’Union. Et si, finalement, cette sortie à laquelle personne ne s’attendait réellement tout en la redoutant un peu malgré tout, était, sinon une bonne nouvelle, du moins un électrochoc aux vertus salvatrices. Une explication s’impose. Depuis des années, l’Union européenne s’éloigne de ses citoyens qui lui reprochent son inertie, son manque de transparence, sa complexité et autres maux qui ont fait de l’Union, pour certains en tous cas, l’ennemi à abattre. Pourquoi ne pas alors saisir le Brexit (qui appartient désormais à l’Histoire) comme l’opportunité de rappeler les fondements de l’Union européenne, ces principes et ses objectifs. Bref rappeler ce pour quoi elle a été construite, comment elle a été et qu’elle était la situation du continent il y a soixante ans.
Caprice de pays riche ?
Cet effort aurait des conséquences doubles : permettre aux citoyens de renouer avec les origines de l’Union et d’en appréhender les buts et les avantages qu’elle nous a permis d’acquérir ; permettre aux responsables politiques en charge de conduire les affaires européennes de s’écarter du tout-économique qu’est devenue l’Union au détriment de ceux qui la compose : nous tous. Pour employer une métaphore sportive dont on excusera la licence : revenir au fondamentaux est essentiel pour développer et produire un jeu efficace et pragmatique. Ensuite, pourquoi céder à la panique devant ce Brexit ? Soyons honnêtes un instant. Les Britanniques, exception faite des Ecossais (riches de pétrole en Mer du Nord ce qui n’est pas totalement inintéressant non plus pour l’Union si l’Ecosse persistait dans ses velléités à rester au sein de l’Europe), n’ont jamais réellement joué le jeu de la solidarité européenne. Ceux qui ont voté oui au maintien dans l’Union l’on fait après que David Cameron a obtenu de Bruxelles un statut spécial pour la Grande-Bretagne et sans que ne soit remis en cause le traité de Lisbonne. Qu’auraient-ils voté si le Premier ministre n’avait pas obtenu ce statut spécial auquel il s’accrochait pour défendre le Oui ? Caprice de pays riche diraient certains ! Donc pourquoi céder à la panique ? Franchement, il n’y a, en y regardant de plus près, que des questions économiques qui entrent en ligne de compte. De l’économie encore ! Mais c’est bien ce que reprochent les Européens à Bruxelles : N’être obnubilée que par l’économie. Les bourses vont s’effondrer quelques temps, Livre Sterling et Euro seront ballottées mais pour l’essentiel, les axes commerciaux perdureront, sous différentes formes certes mais ils perdureront. Car la Grande-Bretagne a plus besoin de l’Union européenne que l’inverse et que la liberté retrouvée des Britanniques autorise ces derniers à composer leurs propres partitions mais permet aussi aux autres pays de l’Union de composer celle qui leur chante à l’endroit des Britanniques. Passée la question économique, attardons-nous sur l’Union européenne en tant que telle. Cette sortie ne serait-elle pas paradoxalement, une forme de bonne santé ? Nous l’oublions car bercés tous les jours par les avantages qu’elle nous procure (paix, stabilité sociale, progrès technique, monnaie unique,…) mais l’Union européenne et avant elle la CEE, sont encore très jeunes au regard de l’Histoire.
Jeunesse et avatar
Le 25 mars 2017, nous fêterons les soixante ans des traités de Rome qui fondèrent la CEE. A peine soixante ans ! Et lorsque l’on regarde les acquis que l’Europe politique nous a permis d’obtenir en si peu de temps, il serait exagéré de jeter le tout aux orties. Bonne santé disions-nous ? Pourquoi ? Parce que l’Union européenne, comme tout ensemble de ce type, traverse avec ce Brexit, une forme de crise de croissance. Comme un enfant qui soudainement jaillit de sa boîte pour devenir un adolescent : chaussures, chemises et pantalons sont devenus trop étroits.Pourquoi ne pas voir la sortie de la Grande-Bretagne sinon comme une chance, mais comme un avatar à une construction encore très jeune et qui cherche ses marques dans un monde en mutation. L’objet n’est pas de savoir si les Britanniques ont raison de sortir. Ils se sentent majoritairement mal à l’aise dans l’Union telle qu’elle est aujourd’hui. Raison ou tort, ils lancent à Bruxelles un avertissement clair qui ne remet pas en cause la construction européenne mais la direction qu’elle a prise. D’autres le pensent mais n’iront pas jusqu’à la sortie. L’effet domino ne se produira pas car l’Union apporte finalement plus qu’elle n’enlève et la sortie des Britanniques de l’Union est aussi liée à des questions de politiques intérieures non résolues par David Cameron. Néanmoins, cette crise de croissance, qui met aussi en évidence combien l’espace européen est un espace de dialogue et de démocratie (le Brexit prouve aussi que les peuples peuvent pleinement s’exprimer désavouant ainsi ceux qui accusaient l’Union d’une forme de despotisme), ne doit pas être vécue comme une insulte ou un chaos annoncé mais comme la nécessaire obligation de revêtir l’Union européenne de nouveaux habits…Au risque de la voir à terme finir toute nue !
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